Example Of Particulate Processing

Can biomass help us reduce our carbon footprint?

As concern grows over global climate change and US dependence on fossil fuels, interest in renewable energy has increased. For example, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act included more than $80 billion for renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar and biomass. Presently, biomass accounts for approximately 15 percent of the world's total energy supply, and about half of the renewable energy produced in the US.  So, what is biomass , and why is it such a heavily debated topic?

Biomass Materials

Biomass is organic material that can be converted to thermal energy, electricity or fuel. Some examples of biomass materials include: wood litter and forest residues; energy crops, such as native grasses that can be grown in marginal lands; crop residues left over from harvests or food processing; manure from livestock and poultry; and urban and industrial waste, such as compost and yard waste.

Converting Biomass to Energy

The above materials can be converted to energy through several techniques. Direct combustion is the most straightforward way to produce biomass to energy. This process involves burning the biomass material to produce steam that can then turn a turbine to produce energy. Biomass can also be converted into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide called syngas by heating the biomass under pressure. The syngas produced by biomass gasification can then run a gas or steam turbine to produce electricity. Finally, microorganisms can be used to break down biomass, such as manure or sewage, to produce carbon dioxide and methane through anaerobic digestion. This biogas can then be captured and burned for energy.  

Is Biomass Energy Renewable?

There is a lack of consensus within the scientific community as to the net carbon emissions from biomass production. Many consider biomass energy to be a renewable energy source because it is made from a replenishable resource. Additionally, biomass energy production has the potential to have net zero carbon emissions because it often uses the carbohydrates stored in plants for energy. Plants converted carbon dioxide from the air to create these carbohydrates, and if biomass is harvested sustainably and new plants quickly sequester the carbon released by biomass energy production, no new carbon is added to the atmosphere. Because of this, biomass is considered by some to be more environmentally friendly than coal .

سرامیکی های89 دانشگاه ملایر

"Ceramic" may be used as a noun in the singular to refer to a ceramic material or the product of ceramic manufacture, or as an adjective. The plural "ceramics" may be used to refer the making of things out of ceramic materials. Ceramic engineering, like many sciences, evolved from a different discipline by today's standards. Materials science engineering is grouped with ceramics engineering to this day.

The military requirements of World War II (1939–1945) encouraged developments, which created a need for high-performance materials and helped speed the development of ceramic science and engineering.Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, new types of ceramics were developed in response to advances in atomic energy, electronics, communications and space travel. The discovery of ceramic superconductors in 1986 has spurred intense research to develop superconducting ceramic parts for electronic devices, electric motors and transport equipment.

There is a growing need in the military for high-strength, robust materials that have the ability to transmit light through the visible (0.4-0.7 micrometers) and mid infrared (1-5 microns) regions spectrum.These materials are needed for applications that require transparent armor. Transparent armor is a material or system of materials designed to be optically transparent while protecting the fragmentation or ballistic impacts. The primary requirement for a transparent armor system is not only to defeat the threat identified, but also provide a multi-hit capacity with reduced distortion of the surrounding areas. Transparent armor windows must also be compatible with night vision equipment. New materials that are thinner, lighter and offer better ballistic performance are sought.

Germany

The Ceramic Society Of Germany was founded in Berlin in 1919. Staatliche Fachschule fur Porzellan (Government Technical College for Porcelain) was founded in Selb in 1908. In 1973 it was transferred to Nuremberg Polytechnic, when it was incorporated into a professional training organisation for ceramics which also includes the Staatliche Fachschule fur Keramtechnik and a college for block release courses in ceramic trades, testing and laboratory work. Recently, there have been advances in ceramics which include bio-ceramics, such as dental implants and synthetic bones.

Food & drink 2000, processing solutions for innovative products : a two-day conference held at the University of Birmingham, UK, 12-13 September 2000

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